What are seismic waves?

Seismic waves are elastic waves propagating through the ground. These waves are produced by an earthquake or some other physical…

How do I connect a GNSS to my GPR?  

An external GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) device (GPS, GLONASS etc.) can be connected to your GPR equipment by a cable or be connected wirelessly by Bluetooth, depending on the GPR system you use. …

What antenna frequency should I use for my GPR investigation?

Which antenna frequency to use depends mainly on two factors: the desired resolution and depth of your investigations. Quite often…

What is an air reflection in GPR data?

Sometimes, something known as air reflections will appear in your GPR data. What is it? And how can you differentiate…

How can I do a velocity calibration for my GPR investigation?

Velocity calibration of GPR data can be carried out in several different ways; to use the depth to a known…

How to locate underground utilities?

Utilities, or buried infrastructure, are located with a range of different methods. The most used methods are EML (Electromagnetic Locators, passive or…

What is a depth slice?

A depth slice is a horizontal slice through a 3D volume of geophysical data. A depth slice is often created when geophysical data is…

What is the dielectric constant and why it matters to GPR?

The dielectric constant (also called relative dielectric permittivity, RDP) is a measure of the ability for a material to store…

What is a trace?

A trace (also called ‘A-scan’, ‘1D measurement’, ‘GPR point reading’) consists of a sequence of samples collected from a single GPR data channel showing the time variation of signal amplitude.  …

What is the difference between refraction and reflection seismics?

Two big differences between refraction and reflection survey are, firstly, which part of the seismic motion we focus on and,…